what title was stalin given in 1922

[272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. He is called Joseph Stalin, also known as the man of steel. [448] According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. December 6) - March 5, 1953, usually transliterated Josef Stalin, consolidated power to become the absolute ruler of the Soviet Union between 1928 and his death in 1953. Mussolini was the first child of the local blacksmith. [605] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [621] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. "[824] In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that "every Jew is a potential spy. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [264], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). [238], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[239] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. [817] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[818] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [743] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [543] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. By July of 1922 the state had confiscated vast stores of precious items from the church. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [669] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. [612], In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. [712] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [694] During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled migr, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. Advertisement. [864] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. In 1921 Stalin helped plan the invasion of Georgia which was the source for his negative policies towards the country. [616] In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and vote rigging was used to ensure that the PZPR secured office. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. "[730], Stalin had a soft voice,[731] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. [673] Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. [670] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. [244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. members to 50 or even 100 must, in my opinion serve a double or even a treble purpose: the more members there are in the C.C., the more men will be trained in C.C. The couple had a son, Iosif, in 1945, but Svetlana did not want to become a housewife: she subsequently had 3 abortions and divorced Morozov 2 years later. [710] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [469] The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. See answer. Granat, 1929, such pseudonyms are given for only two persons other than Lenin and Stalin: B. M. Knun'iants (Radin) and M. A. Lur'e (Larin). [103] In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit,[104] which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [595] In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. With the death of Stalin in 1953, however, Nikita Khrushchev assumed control over the Soviet Union. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [606], Churchill observed that an "Iron Curtain" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. [445] The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among sympathetic leftists. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. Rosa Luxemburg, 1918-1919. [624] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [341] Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery. [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. "[838] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend. [ 1] Lenin had held the party together since 1917 and had been the central person to determine its policies. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [693] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. [677] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. Stalin held the title of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953) a position originally without significant influence but which, through Stalin's ascendancy, became that of de facto party leader. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. [603], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. "[870] These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. [440] He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government,[441] fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [453] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. [205] Eager to prove himself as a commander,[206] once there he took control of regional military operations. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. In short, Stalin's power over appointment is . [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. [406] In turn, the anti-communist governments of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936. [547] Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. [599] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [644] In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [533] In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 19301933 that killed millions. [338] In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry;[339] it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [261] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. [641] He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. [796] Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. Stalin is often compared to Adolf Hitler, who killed some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.In the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the 1900s, leaders carried out the near-genocide of millions of Armenians. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming the Western powers for the war. [913] He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. [85] At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. And perhaps, Stalin considered them deserved, but received an incommensurably high price. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [823] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. [432], During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad;[433] in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. Give Me Liberty! [781] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. Joseph Stalin | Biography Death and Facts of World War II. In later years he expressed pride in his humble origins and often . [545] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. [781] Despite his tough-talking attitude, he could be very charming;[782] when relaxed, he cracked jokes and mimicked others. [391] Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine,[380] the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers. Copy. Received titles . Amid the war, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and Bessarabia and North Bukovina, subsequently establishing Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe and in parts of East Asia. [19] Although he got into many fights,[20] Stalin excelled academically,[21] displaying talent in painting and drama classes,[22] writing his own poetry,[23] and singing as a choirboy. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [646] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. [214] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[215] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. [642] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. [269] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. [701] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[702] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". [190] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. [366] He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. 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